#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

using std::cout, std::endl, std::string, std::vector;

template <typename T>
class Ref {
private:
        T* mPtr;
public:
        Ref(T& t) {
            mPtr = &t;
        }
        Ref(Ref& t) {
            mPtr = t.mPtr;
        }
        Ref() {
            mPtr = nullptr;
        }
        T& get() {
            return *mPtr;
        }
        T operator=(const T& t) {
            new(mPtr) T{t};
            return *mPtr;
        }
        T operator+(const T& t) {
            return *mPtr + t;
        } 
        T operator+=(const T& t) {
            *mPtr = *mPtr + t;
            return *mPtr;
        }
        T* operator->() {
            return mPtr;
        }
        template <typename U>
        friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, Ref<U> r);
};

template <typename T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, Ref<T> r) {
    out << *(r.mPtr);
    return out;
}

void toUpper(Ref<string> r) {
    for(size_t i = 0; i < r->size(); ++i)
        r.get()[i] = toupper(r.get()[i]); 
}

int main() {
    int a = 10;
    Ref<int> ra = a;
    cout << ra << endl;

    string s = "Cat";
    Ref<string> rs = s;
    rs = "Mouse";
    rs += "Elephant";
    cout << rs << endl;
    cout << s << endl;

    toUpper(s);
    cout << s << endl;

    vector<string> animals {"Cat", "Dogs", "Elephants", "Worms"};
    vector<Ref<string>> refs {animals.begin(), animals.end()};

    for (int i = 0; i < refs.size(); ++i)
            cout << animals[i] << " ";
    cout << endl;
}